INFORMATION SYSTMES CONTROL AND AUDIT

THIS QUESTIONS PAPER IS FOR 2008-2009 BATCH 5 TH SEMESTER

ANSWER ANY 5 QUESTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING FIST QUESTIONS IS COMPULSORY.

1)
A.EXPLAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM CONTROLS.
B.DESCRIBE PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM.
C.DESCRIBE DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM.
D.EXPLAIN SAFEGUARDING.
E.EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIT SOFTWARE.

2)
GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AUDITING.

3)DISCUSS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT CONTROLS.

4)DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL THAT SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED IN AN ORGANIZATION.

5)EXPLAIN PROCESSING CONTROLS.

6)DESCRIBE EXPERT SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE WITH A BLOCK EVALUATION PROCESS.

7)GIVE OVERVIEW OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SYSTEM EVALUATION PROCESS.

8)WHAT PURPOSE MIGHT AUDITORS SEEK TO ACHIEVE IN USING GENERALIZED AUDIT SOFTWARE TO EXAMINE THE QUALITY OF DATA MAINTAINED ON AN APPLICATION SYSTEM FILES?

Arrays

Objectives

Having read this section you should have a good understanding of the use of arrays in C.

Advanced Data Types
Programming in any language takes a quite significant leap forwards as soon as you learn about more advanced data types - arrays and strings of characters. In C there is also a third more general and even more powerful advanced data type - the pointer but more about that later. In this section we introduce the array, but the first question is, why bother?

There are times when we need to store a complete list of numbers or other data items. You could do this by creating as many individual variables as would be needed for the job, but this is a hard and tedious process. For example, suppose you want to read in five numbers and print them out in reverse order. You could do it the hard way as:

main()
{
int al,a2,a3,a4,a5;
scanf("%d %d %d %d %d",&a1,&a2,&a3,&a4,&a5);
printf("%d %d %d %d %d'',a5,a4,a3,a2,a1);
}

Doesn't look very pretty does it, and what if the problem was to read in 100 or more values and print them in reverse order? Of course the clue to the solution is the use of the regular variable names a1, a2 and so on. What we would really like to do is to use a name like a[i] where i is a variable which specifies which particular value we are working with. This is the basic idea of an array and nearly all programming languages provide this sort of facility - only the details alter.

In the case of C you have to declare an array before you use it - in the same way you have to declare any sort of variable. For example,

int a[5];

declares an array called a with five elements. Just to confuse matters a little the first element is a[0] and the last a[4]. C programmer's always start counting at zero! Languages vary according to where they start numbering arrays. Less technical, i.e. simpler, languages start counting from 1 and more technical ones usually start counting from 0. Anyway, in the case of C you have to remember that

type array[size]

declares an array of the specified type and with size elements. The first array element is array[0] and the last is array[size-1].

Using an array, the problem of reading in and printing out a set of values in reverse order becomes simple:



main()
{
int a[5];
int i;
for(i =0;i < 5; ++i) scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for(i =4;i> =0;--i) printf("%d",a[i]);
}

Data and Time Functions:

Data and Time Functions:

clock_t clock(void)
time_t time(time_t , *tp
double difftime(time_t time2 , time_t time1)
time_t mktime(struct tm *tp)
char *asctime(const time_t *tp)
char *ctime(const time_t *tp)
struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *tp)
struct tm *localtime(const time_t *tp)
size_t strftime(char *s, size_t smax, const char *fmt, const struct tm *tp)

Utility Functions:

Utility Functions:

double atof(const char *s)
int atoi(const char *s
long atol(const char *s)
double strrod(const char *s, char **endp)
long strtol(const char *s, char **endp, int base)
unsigned long strtoul(const char *s, char **endp, int base)
int rand(void)
void srand(unsigned int seed)
void *calloc(size_t nobj, size_t size)
void *malloc(size_t size)
void *realloc(void *p, size_t size)
void free(void *p)
void abort(void)
void exit(int status)
int atexit(void (*fcn)(void))
int system(const char *s)
char *getenv(const char *name)
void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t n, size_t size, int (*cmp)(const void *keyval, const void *datum))
void qsort(void *base, size_t n, size_t size, int (*cmp)(const void *, const void *))
int abs(int n)
long labs(long n)
div_t div(int num, int denom)
ldiv_t ldiv(long num , long denom)

Mathematical Functions:

Mathematical Functions:

sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)
asin(x)
acos(x)
atan(x)
atan2(x)
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
tanh(x)
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
pow(x,y)
sqrt(x)
ceil(x)
floor(x)
fabs(x)
ldexp(x)
frexp(x,double *ip)
modf(x,double *ip)
fmod(x,y)

String Functions:

String Functions:

char *strcpy(s , ct)
char *strncpy(s , ct , n)
char *strcat(s , ct)
char *strncat(s , ct , n)
int strcmp(cs , ct)
int strncmp(cs , ct ,n)
char *strchr(cs , c)
char *strrchr(cs , c)
size_t strspn(cs , ct)
size_t strcspn(cs , ct)
char *strstr(cs , ct)
size_t strlen(cs)
char *strerror(n)
char *strtok(s , ct)

Character Class Tests:

Character Class Tests:

isalnum(c)
isalpha(c)
iscntrl(c)
isdigit(c)
isgraph(c)
islower(c)
isprint(c)
ispunct(c)
isspace(c)
isupper(c)
isxdigit(c)

Input and Output:

Input and Output:

FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode)
FILE *freopen(const char *filename, const char *mode, FILE *stream)
int fflush(FILE *stream)
int fclose(FILE *stream)
int remove(const char *filename)
int rename(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
FILE *tmpfile(void)
char *tmpnam(char s[L_tmpnam])
int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size)
void setbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf)
int fprint(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...)
int sprintf(char *s, const char *format, ...)
vprintf(const char *format, va_list arg)
vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arg)
vsprintf(char *s, const char *format, va_list arg)
int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...)
int scanf(const char *format, ...)
int sscanf(char *s, const char *format, ...)
int fgetc(FILE *stream)
char *fgets(char *s, int n, FILE *stream)
int fputc(int c, FILE *stream)
int fputs(const char *s, FILE *stream)
int getc(FILE *stream)
int getchar(void)
char *gets(char *s)
int putc(int c, FILE *stream)
int putchar(int c)
int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream)
size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nobj, FILE *stream)
size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nobj, FILE *stream)
int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int orogin)
long ftell(FILE *stream)
void rewind(FILE *stream)
int fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *ptr)
int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *ptr)
void clearerr(FILE *stream)
int feof(FILE *stream)
int ferror(FILE *stream)
void perror(const char *s)